January 8, 2017

10.3 Online Education:notes

10.3 Online Education:
          Online education is a type of educational instruction that is delivered via the internet to students using their home computers. ... Most of the time, online degree programs and courses are offered via the host school's online learning platform, although some are delivered using alternative technologies.
Types of Online Learning Programs
                   Students should become acquainted with these classifications early so that they can decipher which programs align with their learning preferences, career goals, and current levels of education. Here are some of the most common online options offered today.
Blended or Hybrid Programs and Courses
There is no standard definition for blended and hybrid programs. Many schools use the terms interchangeably; others use them each in very specific ways. Nonetheless, most blended or hybrid programs and courses combine varying degrees of online and classroom-based instruction. These can include:
*       Classes in which students complete coursework online and in the classroom.
*       Degree programs in which students complete some of their courses on-campus and others online.
*       Online degree programs that allow students to complete the majority of instruction online, but require them to come to campus periodically for face-to-face instruction.
Unless otherwise noted, OnlineEducation.com defines any program that requires three or more campus visits each year as a hybrid program.
Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)
          MOOCs are online courses available in an open format, which means students need not apply to an institution to enroll. This makes MOOCs accessible to learners from a wide spectrum of age groups and circumstances, including international students. Although a limited number of MOOCs allow students to earn some type of verified certificate at a cost, most are free and award no college credit. Course content is usually delivered through provider organizations like Coursera, edX, and Udacity.
          The MOOC movement was launched by prestigious universities like Stanford and MIT. Other colleges were quick to follow suit, but the BSRG suggests interest is waning: only a small number of schools now have MOOCs and few intend to add them. The same is not necessarily true for professional training programs using this format. Udacity now emphasizes corporate MOOCs over academically-aligned courses as other career-focused providers enter the market.
Online Courses
          The NCES and BSRG report that the majority of colleges and universities now offer online courses. Some, but not all of these classes are linked to full online degrees and certificates. Universities, community colleges, and college extension programs design standalone online classes specifically for students seeking personal enrichment, focused workplace skills, and professional certifications. According to Dr. Pedersen, many colleges also offer programs that combine online and traditional coursework to provide campus-based students with a richer, more interactive learning experience.
Online Degree Programs
          Not all colleges and universities define online degree programs the same way: some let students complete their studies 100 percent online while others require some face-to-face work as well. The nature, number, and location of these visits can vary. Colleges might require online students to report to campus or approved partner institutions for practical labs, on-campus intensives, orientations, and/or exams. They might also require fieldwork or internships, depending on the subject. For example, Masters of Science in Nursing programs typically require clinical placements while Master of Social Work programs require field education. Unless otherwise noted, OnlineEducation.com uses the term “online degree program” to define programs that require no more than two campus visits per year.
Instruction Methods in Online Degree Programs
Online colleges, programs, and courses tend to use a number of different instructional methods to teach students.
Synchronous Instruction:
           Online courses taught in a synchronous format require all students to log in at scheduled times to live-stream lectures, participate in real-time discussions, and/or engage in other types of collaborative group work. Some students prefer these types of programs because they provide an immediacy and interactivity similar to classroom-based courses.
Asynchronous Instruction:
          Asynchronous courses typically allow online students to access recorded lectures and other materials on their own time so long as they meet all course deadlines. Students may also be required to participate in forum discussions and other collaborative work. This format requires more independence and self-direction than synchronous programs, but offers much more flexibility.
Self-Directed Programs:
          “Self-directed” and “self-paced” programs give online students even more learning independence by coupling asynchronous instruction with lenient course deadlines. Students can often start and complete their studies at their own pace with minimal collaboration, though they may be asked to participate in discussion boards and mentoring activities.
           These students must be organized and disciplined enough to complete their work without a traditional campus structure, but that does not necessarily mean they do not have access to support. Faculty advising, peer partnerships, and student services are just some of the ways online colleges help self-directed learners stay engaged and on track.

Cohort Programs:
          Online cohort programs place students in a defined group that advances through the curriculum together. Courses are sequential and may not be offered every semester—an important consideration for students unable to complete the program straight through.
           For programs that only have one cohort start per year, students who miss a quarter/semester may have to wait an entire year before continuing their program. When programs are completed without interruption, this structure lets students learn and collaborate with the same peers throughout their studies.
           A student’s cohort often becomes their professional network post-graduation. Cohort programs are more common at the graduate level and in disciplines that are interpersonal in nature, like teaching, counseling, and social work.
Flipped Courses:
          The term “flipped” is applied to hybrid and blended courses that deliver most content and materials online and use classroom time to address questions, complete assignments, and engage class-wide discussions. This means flipped classes are generally designed to complement campus-based studies rather than online degree programs.
On-Campus Intensives:
           Some online degree programs require students to attend a limited number of on-campus sessions, which are sometimes called on-campus intensives. These sessions may include hands-on practical experiences, orientations, seminars, capstone projects and exams, and other activities that require campus attendance.
          They may also be used to fulfill residency requirements. The duration and frequency of intensives vary by program and by school. They could be as little as one day to several days long.

Advantages of Online Learning
·        Although many people still consider traditional universities as the best way to achieve knowledge and get a diploma, online learning proves to be a great alternative.
·        Students have the chance to study in their own time and especially for free. It represents a great way to study many fields and to boost the level of self-motivation.
·        Online learning is so effective because students can finish their homework quickly, and there is more time left for hobbies or for finding a job.
·        An access to all resources of a traditional course helps participants learn wherever they are, leaving them the freedom to choose the time for study. With basically an Internet connection, a person can attend different courses. Among the advantages of online learning there are the responsibility and self-discipline of students.
Disadvantages of Online Learning
·        Only in a small group a person can develop properly. At school, students learn how to make friends, be patient, get rid of disappointment, and especially to compete.
·        Competition between colleagues can be very stimulating and students will only benefit from it. Online learning cannot offer human interaction.
·        Another disadvantage refers to the fact that online courses cannot cope with thousands of students that try to join discussions. Also, online learning can be difficult, if it is meant for disciplines that involve practice.

In conclusion, online learning should be seen as a complement and extension of classical forms of learning. Not even the best online course can fully replace the personal contact with a teacher, or the human relationships that develop in a group. So, traditional classes shouldn’t be replaced with online learning.

10.2 Life-Long Learning :

10.2 Life-Long Learning :
          The World Bank Group states that ,A lifelong learning framework encompasses learning throughout the life cycle, from birth to grave and in different learning environments, formal, non-formal or informal.  
          Wikipedia defines lifelong learning this way: Lifelong learning is the concept that "It's never too soon or too late for learning“.
*       Lifelong learning is attitudinal; that one can and should be open to new ideas, decisions, skills or behaviors.
*       Lifelong learning sees citizens provided with learning opportunities at all ages and in numerous contexts: at work, at home and through leisure activities, not just through formal channels such as school and higher education.
*       According to the definition, life long learning is “the activity of seeking out new knowledge or developing a skill, and participating in educational activities over the course of a person’s entire life” (Anon March 9, 2004,
*       In other words, life long learning is the process of one educating itself from his/her early childhood till his/her late senior years.
Why Education is a lifelong process?
Learning is education. Learning is a natural  and continuous process of brain, actively or passively. So for the life time, brain keeps on learning, till it is functioning. When brain stops functioning (brain death), the process of learning or education stops.
*       Lifelong education is a form of pedagogy often accomplished through distance learning or e-learning, continuing education, homeschooling or correspondence courses.
*        It also includes postgraduate programs for those who want to improve their qualifications, bring their skills up to date or retrain for a new line of work. Internal corporate training has similar goals, with the concept of lifelong learning used by organizations to promote a more dynamic employee base, better able to react in an agile manner to a rapidly changing climate. In later life, especially in retirement, continued learning takes diverse forms, crossing traditional academic bounds and including recreational activities.
*       Ongoing learning can influence income, job satisfaction, political participation and health and well being.
*       It is the "lifelong, voluntary, and self-motivated" pursuit of knowledge for either personal or professional reasons.
*        Easy access to education through standard methods as well as new methods such as e-learning makes it convenient to continue learning throughout the different stages of our lives.
*       Lifelong Learning is absolutely compulsory for everyone and it becomes a guider in leading to success for both family and work life. Related to this, different points of views about lifelong learning have been appeared.
*        For example, lifelong learning is defined as the continuous building of skills and knowledge throughout the life of an individual, and it occurs through experiences that are encountered in the course of a lifetime.
*       These experiences could be (1) Formal learning that is always conducted at schools or arranged places, and these are included: training, counseling, tutoring, mentorship, apprenticeship, or higher education and (2) Informal learning that is related to what we learn from outside class or society, and these are included: experiences or situations.
*       Lifelong learning encompasses learning at all ages and subsumes formal, non-formal and informal learning. Two ground-breaking reports on lifelong learning by UNESCO (Faure Report, 1972; Delors Report, 1996) articulated fundamental principles of lifelong learning.
*       LLL is lifelong, voluntary, and self-motivated in pursuit of knowledge for either personal or professional reasons and this does not only enhances social inclusion, active citizenship and personal development, but also competitiveness and employability.
*       According to Jacques Delors, four pillars of education for lifelong learning and its future have been conducted:
*       It is about Learning to know: It is related to mastering learning tools rather than acquisition of structured knowledge.
*       It is about Learning to do: It concerns with equipping people for the types of work needed now and in the future including innovation and adaptation of learning to future work environments.
*       It is about Learning to live together and with others: It is about peacefully resolving conflict, discovering other people and their cultures, fostering community capability, individual competence and capacity, economic resilience, and social inclusion.
*       It is about Learning to be: It is a kind of education contributing to a person’s complete development included mind and body, intelligence, sensitivity, aesthetic appreciation and spirituality.
Lifelong learning is also related to knowledge, and this knowledge consists of five K’s.
*       Knowing about: It means knowing the news, events, basics of a field, or introductory concepts.
*       Knowing to do: It means knowing how to drive a car, solve a math problem, code a program, or conduct research.
*       Knowing to be: It means knowing how to embody knowledge with humanity, to be a doctor or psychologist, to be an ethical person, to be compassionate, to relate, or to feel.
*       Knowing where: It means knowing how to find knowledge when needed, web search, library, database, an organization, or knowing who to approach for assistance.
*       Knowing to transform: It means knowing how to tweak, to adjust, to recombine, to align with reality, or to innovate.

Courses enhancing lifelong learning have  following characteristics:
*       provide systematic framework for viewing field of study
*       offer comparative framework for viewing field of study
*       seek to broaden the student and provide generic skills
*       offer freedom of choice and flexibility in structure
*       provide for incremental development of self-directed learning

Teaching methods have following characteristics:
*       make use of peer-assisted and self-directed learning
*       include experiential and real world learning
*       make use of resource based and problem based teaching
*       encourage development of reflective practice and critical self-awareness
*       make use of open learning and alternative delivery mechanisms

*       Assessment evaluates “what” has been learnt

роЗро░рог்роЯு роЪிро▓ிрог்роЯро░் ро╡ைрод்родிро░ுрои்родாро▓் ро░ேро╖ройிро▓் роЕро░ிроЪி роЗро▓்ро▓ை : ро╡ிро░ைро╡ிро▓் роЕро▒ிро╡ிроХ்роХ родрооிро┤роХ роЕро░роЪு родிроЯ்роЯроо்.

роЗро░рог்роЯு роЪிро▓ிрог்роЯро░் ро╡ைрод்родிро░ுрои்родாро▓் ро░ேро╖ройிро▓் роЕро░ிроЪி роЗро▓்ро▓ை : ро╡ிро░ைро╡ிро▓் роЕро▒ிро╡ிроХ்роХ родрооிро┤роХ роЕро░роЪு родிроЯ்роЯроо்.

роХாро░், рокைроХ், роПроЪி, 2 роЪிро▓ிрог்роЯро░்роХро│் ро╡ைрод்родிро░ுрок்рокро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХு ро░ேро╖рой் роЕро░ிроЪிропை ро░род்родு роЪெроп்роп родрооிро┤роХ роЕро░роЪு рооுроЯிро╡ு роЪெроп்родுро│்ро│родு. роЗродройாро▓் 1.20 роХோроЯி роХாро░்роЯுродாро░ро░்роХро│் рокாродிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯுро╡ாро░்роХро│். родрооிро┤роХрод்родிро▓் роЙро│்ро│ 33, 973 ро░ேро╖рой் роХроЯைроХро│் рооூро▓роо் роЗро▓ро╡роЪ роЕро░ிроЪி, роХுро▒ைрои்родро╡ிро▓ைропிро▓் родுро╡ро░роо், роЙро│ுрои்родроо் рокро░ுрок்рокு, рокாрооாропிро▓், роЪро░்роХ்роХро░ை роЙро│்ро│ிроЯ்роЯ рокொро░ுроЯ்роХро│் ро╡ро┤роЩ்роХрок்рокроЯுроХிро▒родு.
роород்родிроп роЕро░роЪிрой் роЙрогро╡ு рокாродுроХாрок்рокு роЪроЯ்роЯрод்родிрой் роХீро┤் роЗрои்род рокொро░ுроЯ்роХро│் роЗройி рооாройிроп ро╡ிро▓ைропிро▓் роХிроЯைрок்рокродு рокроЯிрок்рокроЯிропாроХроиிро▒்роХுроо் роЖрокрод்родு роПро▒்рокроЯ்роЯுро│்ро│родு.  роород்родிроп роЕро░роЪு роиாроЯு рооுро┤ுро╡родுроо் роЙрогро╡ுрок்рокாродுроХாрок்рокு роЪроЯ்роЯрод்родை роЕрооро▓்рокроЯுрод்род родீро╡ிро░роо் роХாроЯ்роЯிропродு. роЬெропро▓ро▓ிродா рооுродро▓்ро╡ро░ாроХ роЗро░ுрои்родрокோродு роЕрод்родிроЯ்роЯрод்родுроХ்роХு роОродிро░்рок்рокு родெро░ிро╡ிрод்родாро░். роЖройாро▓் роЬெропро▓ро▓ிродா роЙропிро░ுроЯрой் роЗро░ுрои்родрокோродு роороХ்роХро│் роиро▓ройுроХ்роХு роОродிро░ாрой роород்родிроп роЕро░роЪிрой் родிроЯ்роЯроЩ்роХро│ுроХ்роХு роОродிро░்рок்рокு родெро░ிро╡ிрод்родாро░். роЕрои்род ро╡роХைропிро▓் роЙрогро╡ு рокாродுроХாрок்рокு родிроЯ்роЯрооுроо் роТрой்ро▒ு.

роУрокிроОро╕் роЖродро░ро╡ு:

 роЬெропро▓ро▓ிродா роЙропிро░ுроЯрой் роЗро░ுрои்родрокோродு роОрои்родெрои்род родிроЯ்роЯроЩ்роХро│ுроХ்роХு роОродிро░்рок்рокு родெро░ிро╡ிрод்родாро░ோ, роЕрои்род родிроЯ்роЯроЩ்роХро│ுроХ்роХு роОро▓்ро▓ாроо் роУрокிроОро╕் родро▓ைрооைропிро▓ாрой роЕро░роЪுродро▒்рокோродு рооро▒ைрооுроХрооாроХ роЖродро░ிрод்родு ро╡ро░ுроХிро▒родு. роЕрои்род ро╡роХைропிро▓் родро▒்рокோродு роород்родிроп роЕро░роЪிрой் роЙрогро╡ுрок் рокாродுроХாрок்рокு родிроЯ்роЯрод்родிро▓் роЗрогைрои்родுро│்ро│родு. роород்родிроп роЕро░роЪிрой் роЙрогро╡ுрок் рокாродுроХாрок்рокு родிроЯ்роЯрок்рокроЯி, роХுроЯுроо்рокрод்родிро▓் роирокро░் роТро░ுро╡ро░ுроХ்роХு родро▓ா 5 роХிро▓ோ роЕро░ிроЪி ро╡ро┤роЩ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо். роЗродுро╡ро░ை роТро░ு роХுроЯுроо்рокрод்родிро▓் роОрод்родройை рокேро░் роЗро░ுрои்родாро▓ுроо் 20 роХிро▓ோ роЕро░ிроЪி роороЯ்роЯுрооே ро╡ро┤роЩ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯродு.

роЖройாро▓் роЙрогро╡ு рокாродுроХாрок்рокுроЪ் роЪроЯ்роЯрок்рокроЯி роТро░ு роХுроЯுроо்рокрод்родிро▓் 6 рокேро░் роЗро░ுрои்родாро▓் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХு 30 роХிро▓ோ роЕро░ிроЪி ро╡ро┤роЩ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо். роЗродройாро▓் ро╡ро┤роХ்роХрод்родைро╡ிроЯ роХூроЯுродро▓ாрой роЕро░ிроЪி роХொро│்рооுродро▓் роЪெроп்роп ро╡ேрог்роЯிроп роХроЯ்роЯாропроо் родрооிро┤роХ роЕро░роЪுроХ்роХு роПро▒்рокроЯ்роЯродு.роороХ்роХро│ை роХроЯройாро│ிропாроХ்роХுроо் рооுроЯிро╡ு: родрооிро┤роХрод்родிро▓் ро╡ро▒ுрооை роХோроЯ்роЯிро▒்роХு рооேро▓் роЙро│்ро│ро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХு ро╡ро┤роЩ்роХрок்рокроЯுроо் роЕро░ிроЪிропிрой் ро╡ிро▓ைропை роород்родிроп роЕро░роЪு роЙропро░்род்родிропродு. роЕродрой்рокроЯி роТро░ு роХிро▓ோ ро░ூ.8.30ро▓் роЗро░ுрои்родு ро░ூ.21.40 роЖроХ роЕродிроХро░ிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯродு. родிроЯீро░ெрой роЗро░ுроороЯроЩ்роХு ро╡ிро▓ை роЙропро░்род்родрок்рокроЯ்роЯродாро▓் родрооிро┤роХ роЕро░роЪுроХ்роХு роиிродிроЪ்роЪுрооை рооேро▓ுроо் роЕродிроХро░ிрод்родродு. родро▒்рокோродு роЕро░ிроЪிроХ்роХாроХ роороЯ்роЯுроо் родрооிро┤роХ роЕро░роЪு роЪுрооாро░் ро░ூ.2,700 роХோроЯி роЪெро▓ро╡ிроЯுроХிро▒родு.

роЗрои்род ро╡ிро▓ைропிро▓், роЕро░ிроЪி ро╡ро┤роЩ்роХுро╡родாро▓் роПро▒்рокроЯுроо் роиிродிроЪ்роЪுрооைропை роХுро▒ைроХ்роХுроо் ро╡роХைропிро▓் родрооிро┤роХрод்родிро▓் 60 роЪродро╡ீрод роХுроЯுроо்рок роЕроЯ்роЯைрод்родாро░ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХு роЕро░ிроЪிропை ро░род்родு роЪெроп்роп роЕро░роЪு рооுроЯிро╡ு роЪெроп்родுро│்ро│родாроХ рокроХீро░் родроХро╡ро▓் ро╡ெро│ிропாроХி роЙро│்ро│родு.ропாро░் ропாро░ுроХ்роХு роЕро░ிроЪி роХிроЯைроХ்роХாродு ро░ேро╖рой்роХроЯை роКро┤ிропро░்роХро│் роХூро▒ிропродாро╡родு: роТро░ு ро╡ீроЯ்роЯிро▓் 2 роЪிро▓ிрог்роЯро░்роХро│், роХாро░், рокைроХ், роПроЪி ро╡ைрод்родிро░ுрок்рокро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХு ро░ேро╖рой் роЕро░ிроЪிропை ро░род்родு роЪெроп்роп роЕро░роЪு рооுроЯிро╡ு роЪெроп்родுро│்ро│родு. роЗродро▒்роХாроХ роЙрогро╡ுрок்рокொро░ுро│் ро╡ро┤роЩ்роХро▓்родுро▒ை ро░роХроЪிроп роЪро░்ро╡ே роироЯрод்родி роЙро│்ро│родு. роЕродிро▓் роХிроЯைрод்родுро│்ро│ рокроЯ்роЯிропро▓ை ро╡ைрод்родு ро░ேро╖рой் роХாро░்роЯை роОрой்рокிроОроЪ்роОроЪ்(non priority house holder), рокிроОроЪ்роОроЪ்(poor house holder) роОрой 2 рокிро░ிро╡ுроХро│ாроХ рокிро░ிрод்родுро│்ро│ройро░். роЪிро▓ிрог்роЯро░், роПроЪி, рокைроХ், роХாро░் ро╡ைрод்родிро░ுрок்рокро╡ро░்роХро│் роОрой்роОроЪ்роОроЪ் рокிро░ிро╡ிро▓ுроо், роОродுро╡ுроо் роЗро▓்ро▓ாродро╡ро░்роХро│் рокிроОроЪ்роОроЪ் рокிро░ிро╡ிро▓ுроо் роЪேро░்роХ்роХрок்рокроЯுро╡ாро░்роХро│். роЗродро▒்роХாроХ 3 рокроЯிро╡роЩ்роХро│் родропாро░ிрод்родுроЕродை роОроЩ்роХро│ிроЯроо் ро╡ро┤роЩ்роХி ро╡ீроЯு, ро╡ீроЯாроХ роЪெрой்ро▒ு роХрогроХ்роХெроЯுроХ்роХுроо்рокроЯி ро░роХроЪிроп роЙрод்родро░ро╡ு рокிро▒рок்рокிрод்родுро│்ро│ройро░்.

рооுродро▓் рокроЯிро╡род்родிро▓், роХுроЯுроо்рокрод்родிро▓் роЙро│்ро│ро╡ро░்роХро│ிро▓் ропாро░், ропாро░ெро▓்ро▓ாроо் роЖродாро░் роХாро░்роЯு ро╡ாроЩ்роХி роЙро│்ро│ройро░் роОрой்ро▒ ро╡ிро╡ро░рооுроо், 2ро╡родு рокроЯிро╡род்родிро▓் ро╡ீроЯ்роЯிро▓் роПроЪி, роХாро░், рокைроХ், 2 роЪிро▓ிрог்роЯро░் роЙро│்ро│родா роОрой்ро▒ ро╡ிро╡ро░рооுроо், 3ро╡родு рокроЯிро╡род்родிро▓் роЗродுро╡ро░ை роЖродாро░் роХாро░்роЯு ро╡ாроЩ்роХாрод роирокро░்роХро│் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ிрой் рооுроХро╡ро░ிро▓் ро╡роЪிрод்родு ро╡ро░ுроХிрой்ро▒ройро░ா роОрой்ро▒ ро╡ிро╡ро░рооுроо் рокродிро╡ு роЪெроп்ропрок்рокроЯுроХிро▒родு. роХрогроХ்роХெроЯுрок்рокு родрооிро┤роХроо் рооுро┤ுро╡родுроо் рооிроХ ро░роХроЪிропрооாроХро╡ுроо், рооро▒ைрооுроХрооாроХро╡ுроо் роироЯроХ்роХிро▒родு. роХрогроХ்роХெроЯுрок்рокிрой் роЗро▒ுродிропிро▓் роХாро░், рокைроХ், роПроЪி, 2 роЪிро▓ிрог்роЯро░் ро╡ைрод்родிро░ுроХ்роХுроо் роХுроЯுроо்рокрод்родிройро░ை NPHро▓் роЗрогைрод்родு роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХு роЕро░ிроЪிропை ро░род்родு роЪெроп்роп роЕро░роЪு рооுроЯிро╡ு роЪெроп்ропрок்рокроЯ்роЯுро│்ро│родு. родрооிро┤роХроо் рооுро┤ுро╡родுроо் роЙро│்ро│ 2роХோроЯி роЕроЯ்роЯைрод் родாро░ро░்роХро│ிро▓் роЪுрооாро░் 1.20 роХோроЯி роХாро░்роЯுроХро│ுроХ்роХு роЕро░ிроЪிропை ро░род்родு роЪெроп்роп роЕро░роЪு рооுроЯிро╡ு роЪெроп்родுро│்ро│родாроХ родெро░ிроХிро▒родு.

роЪெрой்ройைропிро▓்  12 ро▓роЯ்роЪроо் рокேро░ுроХ்роХு роЕро░ிроЪி ‘роХроЯ்’родрооிро┤роХрод்родிро▓் рооுродро▓்роХроЯ்роЯрооாроХ роЪெрой்ройைропிро▓் роЗрок்рокрогிроХро│் ро╡ேроХрооாроХ роироЯроХ்роХிро▒родு. роЪெрой்ройைропிро▓் роЙро│்ро│ 20 ро▓роЯ்роЪроо் ро░ேро╖рой் роХாро░்роЯுроХро│ிро▓் 60 роЪродро╡ீродроо்(12 ро▓роЯ்роЪроо்) роХாро░்роЯுроХро│ுроХ்роХு роЕро░ிроЪி ро░род்родாроХுроо் роОрой родெро░ிроХிро▒родு. роЕро░роЪிрой் роЗрои்род роироЯро╡роЯிроХ்роХைропாро▓் роироЯுрод்родро░ роороХ்роХро│் роХроЯுрооைропாроХ рокாродிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯுро╡ாро░்роХро│் роОрой்ро▒ройро░்.

January 6, 2017

You Tube-ро▓் роХро▓роХ்роХுроо் роироо்рооூро░் роХрогроХ்роХு роЯீроЪ்роЪро░்!

You Tube-ро▓் роХро▓роХ்роХுроо் роироо்рооூро░் роХрогроХ்роХு роЯீроЪ்роЪро░்!



роЕро░роЪுрок் рокро│்ро│ி роОрой்ро▒ாро▓் роХேроЯ்роХுро▒ ро╡ிро╖ропрод்родிро▓் роЪுро░ுродி роХுро▒ைропுроо் роЗрои்род роХாро▓род்родிро▓், роХрогிродрод்родை ро╡ெроХு роОро│ிродாроХ роЪொро▓்ро▓ிроХ்роХொроЯுрод்родு роЕродை родрой் роЪெро▓்рокோройிро▓் рокродிро╡ுроЪெроп்родு рокேро╕்рокுроХ், ро╡ாроЯ்ро╕்роЕрок், ропூроЯிропூрокிро▓் рокродிро╡ேро▒்ро▒роо் роЪெроп்родு роЕроЪрод்родி ро╡ро░ுроХிро▒ாро░் родிро░ுроЪ்роЪெроЩ்роХோроЯு роЕро░роЪு рокெрог்роХро│் рооேро▓்роиிро▓ைрок் рокро│்ро│ிропிрой்  роХрогроХ்роХு роЯீроЪ்роЪро░் ро░ூрокி роХேрод்родро░ிрой் родெро░роЪா.
роЗро╡ро░் рокродிро╡ேро▒்ро▒роо் роЪெроп்ропுроо் ро╡ீроЯிропோроХ்роХро│ை роТрой்ро▒ро░ை роХோроЯி рокேро░் рокாро░்роХ்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│் роОрой்рокродு ро╡ாро╡் родроХро╡ро▓்.

1986-роо் роЖрог்роЯு рооுродро▓் 2006-роо் роЖрог்роЯு ро╡ро░ை родройிропாро░் рокро│்ро│ிропிро▓் роЖроЪிро░ிропைропாроХ ро╡ேро▓ை рокாро░்род்родு роЕродрой்рокிро▒роХு  2007-роо் роЖрог்роЯிро▓் роЪேро▓роо் роЕро░ுроХிро▓ுро│்ро│ роЪிрой்рой роЪீро░роХроЩ்роХрокாроЯி роЕро░роЪு рокро│்ро│ிроХ்роХூроЯрод்родிро▓் ро╡ேро▓ைроХ்роХுроЪ் роЪேро░்рои்родேрой். роЕроЩ்роХுро│்ро│ роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│் рокроЯிроХ்роХ роЪிро░роорок்рокроЯுро╡родு родெро░ிрои்родродு роЕродை рокோроХ்роХ ро╡ро┤ிроХро│ை родேроЯிройேрой். рокிро│்ро│ைроХро│ுроХ்роХு ро╡ிрод்родிропாроЪрооாроХ роЪொро▓்ро▓ி роХொроЯுрок்рокродு роОрок்рокроЯி роОрой்ро▒ு роЗрогைропрод்родிро▓் родேроЯிройேрой். роЕродைро╡ைрод்родு роОройроХ்роХிро░ுрои்род роЕройுрокро╡род்родோроЯு роЪேро░்род்родு роОро│ிродாроХ роЪொро▓்ро▓ிроХ் роХொроЯுроХ்роХ, рокிро│்ро│ைроХро│் 98, 99 ро╡ாроЩ்роХ роЖро░роо்рокிрод்родாро░்роХро│். роЕрой்ро▒ிро▓ிро░ுрои்родு роЖро░роо்рокிрод்родродு роОрой் роХро▒்рокிрод்родро▓ிрой் роЙро▒்роЪாроХ рокропрогроо்” роОрой்ро▒ро╡ро░ிрой் ро╡ாро░்род்родைроХро│ிро▓் роЕрод்родройை ро╡ாроЮ்роЪை, роЕро╡ро░родு ро╡ீроЯிропோро╡ைрок் рокோро▓்.

‘‘рокொродுро╡ாроХ роиாрой் ро╡роХுрок்рокுроХ்роХுро│் роиுро┤ைрои்родро╡ுроЯрой் рокிро│்ро│ைроХро│ிроЯроо் “роОрой்ройை роЖроЪிро░ிропро░ா роиிройைроХ்роХாродрооா. роЙрой்ройுроЯைроп роЕроо்рооாро╡ாроХро╡ோ роЕро▓்ро▓родு роЙройроХ்роХு ропாро░ைрок் рокுроЯிроХ்роХுрооோ роЕро╡роЩ்роХро│ா роиிройைроЪ்роЪுроХ்роХோроЯா роХрог்рогு. роЕрок்рокроЯிройா роиீ роиро▓்ро▓ா рокроЯிроЪ்роЪுро░ுро╡” роОрой்рокேрой். рокொродுро╡ாроХ роЕро░роЪு рокро│்ро│ிроХро│ிро▓் рокெро▒்ро▒ோро░்роХро│் роЗро▓்ро▓ாрооро▓், роЕро▓்ро▓родு рокெро▒்ро▒ோро░ிро▓் роТро░ுро╡ро░் роЗро▓்ро▓ாрооро▓் рокроЯிроХ்роХ ро╡ро░ுроХிрой்ро▒ роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│்родாрой் роПро░ாро│роо். роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роТро╡்ро╡ொро░ுро╡ро░ிрой் роХродைропுроо் роХрог்рогீро░ிро▓் роХро░ைроХ்роХ ро╡ைроХ்роХுроо். роЕродройாро▓ேропே рокாрок்рокு, роЪெро▓்ро▓роо் роОрой்рокродு рокோрой்ро▒ ро╡ாро░்род்родைроХро│ை роЙрокропோроХிрод்родு рокாроЯроЩ்роХро│் роЪொро▓்ро▓ி роХொроЯுрок்рокேрой். роХрог்роЯிроХ்роХுроо்рокோродு ‘рокாрок்рокு’ роОрой்роХிро▒ роЪொро▓்ро▓ை родро╡ро▒ро╡ிроЯрооாроЯ்роЯேрой்” роОрой்роХிро▒ро╡ро░் родாрой் ро╡ாроЯ்ро╕்роЕрок்рокிро▓் ро╡рои்род роХродைропைроЪ் роЪொрой்ройாро░்.

роЖро░роо்рокрод்родிро▓் роЗрогைропрод்родро│род்родிро▓் ро╡ீроЯிропோ рокோроЯாро▓ாрооா ро╡ேрог்роЯாрооா роОрой்ро▒ рокропроо் роЗро░ுрои்родுроХ்роХொрог்роЯே роЗро░ுрои்родேрой். рокிро▒роХு, роОро│ிроп ро╡роХைропிро▓் ро╡ாроп்рокாроЯு роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்ро╡родро▒்роХு роЙродро╡ிропாроХро╡ுроо், роХாродு роХேроЯ்роХாрод роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ுроо் рокாро░்род்родு рокுро░ிро╡родு рокோро▓ роЕройிрооேро╖рой் роЪெроп்родிро░ுрои்род роЕрои்род ро╡ீроЯிропோ роЕродிроХ ро╡ро░ро╡ேро▒்рокை рокெро▒்ро▒родு. роЗрои்род ро╡ро░ро╡ேро▒்рокைрод் родொроЯро░்рои்родு рокேро╕்рокுроХ்роХிро▓் ‘ро╡ро░்роХ்роХрок்рокроЯுрод்родுро╡родு роОрок்рокроЯி?’ роОрой்рокродை ро╡ீроЯிропோро╡ாроХ рокродிро╡ேро▒்ро▒роо் роЪெроп்родேрой். 80 ро▓роЯ்роЪроо் рокேро░ாро▓் рокாро░்роХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯродு роЗрои்род ро╡ீроЯிропோ. рооூрой்ро▒ு ро╡ро┤ிроХро│ிро▓் рокெро░ுроХ்роХро▓் роЪெроп்ро╡родு роОрок்рокроЯி роОрой்роХிро▒ ро╡ீроЯிропோро╡ை 63 ро▓роЯ்роЪроо் рокேро░் рокாро░்род்родிро░ுроХ்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│்” роОрой்ро▒ு роЪொро▓்ро▓ி ро╡ாропроЯைроХ்роХிро▒ ро░ூрокி, роЗродுро╡ро░ை 200 ро╡ீроЯிропோроХ்роХро│ுроХ்роХு рооேро▓் роОроЯுрод்родு роЕрок்ро▓ோроЯ் роЪெроп்родிро░ுроХ்роХிро▒ாро░்.

‘‘роОрой்ройோроЯ ро╡ீроЯிропோро╡ рокாро░்род்родுроЯ்роЯு роЯீроЪ்роЪро░் роЗродைрок் рокрод்родி рокோроЯுроЩ்роХ, роЕрои்род роХрогроХ்роХு роХро╖்роЯрооா роЗро░ுроХ்роХு, роЕрои்род рооுро▒ை роЪொро▓்ро▓ி роХொроЯுроЩ்роХройு рокроЪроЩ்роХ, роЕроо்рооாроХ்роХро│் роЖро░்ро╡рооா роХேроХ்роХ роЖро░роо்рокிроЪ்роЪாроЩ்роХ. рокрод்родாроо் ро╡роХுрок்рокு рокроЯிроХ்роХிрой்ро▒ роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ுроХ்роХாроХ роОрой்ройுроЯைроп рокிро│ாроХ்роХிро▓் (http://rubitheresa.blogspot.in/) рокро▓ рокроХுродிропிро▓் роЗро░ுрои்родுроо் роЯீроЪ்роЪро░் роЗродைрок்рокோроЯுроЩ்роХ, роЗродை роЪொро▓்ро▓ிроХ்роХொроЯுроЩ்роХ роОрой்ро▒ு роЕро┤ைрод்родு роЪொрой்ройாро░்роХро│். роХுро░ூрок் 4 родேро░்ро╡ு роОро┤ுродுрокро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХு роОрой்ройுроЯைроп ро╡ீроЯிропோ роЙродро╡ிропாроХ роЗро░ுроХ்роХிро▒родு роОрой்ро▒ு роЪொро▓்ро▓ுроо்рокோродு роороХிро┤்ро╡ாроХ роЗро░ுроХ்роХிро▒родு.



роЙроЩ்роХро│ுроЯைроп ро╡ீроЯிропோроХ்роХро│ை роЯро╡ுрой்ро▓ோроЯு роЪெроп்родே роЪெро▓்рокோрой் рооெроо்рооро░ி родீро░்рои்родுро╡ிроЯுроо் рокோро▓ிро░ுроХ்роХிро▒родே, ро╡ீроЯிропோ роЕродிроХрооாроХ роЗро░ுрок்рокродாро▓் роЪெро▓்рокோрой் ро╣ேроЩ்роХ் роЖроХுродே роОрой்ро▒ு роЪொро▓்рокро╡ро░்роХро│ுроо் роЗро░ுроХ்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│். роХுро░ூрок் 4 родேро░்ро╡ு роОро┤ுродுрокро╡ро░்роХро│் роОрой்ройுроЯைроп рооுро▒ைропிройை роХроЯைрок்рокிроЯிрок்рокродாроХро╡ுроо், роОроЩ்роХро│ுроХ்роХு рокропிро▒்роЪி роХொроЯுроЩ்роХро│் роОрой்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│். ро╡ெро│ிроиாроЯ்роЯிройро░் роОрой்ройுроЯைроп ро╡ீроЯிропோро╡ைрок் рокாро░்род்родு рокாро░ாроЯ்роЯி роЗро░ுроХ்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│்”  роОрой்ро▒ு роороХிро┤்роЪ்роЪிропோроЯு роЪொрой்ройாро░்.

роиீроЩ்роХро│் ро╡ீроЯிропோро╡ிро▓் рокாроЯроо் роироЯрод்родுроо்рокோродு роЪொро▓்ро▓ுроЯா роХрог்рогு, роХро╡ройிроЯா роХрог்рогு роОрой்ро▒ு роЪொро▓்роХிро▒ீро░்роХро│ே?

“рокாроЯроо் роироЯрод்родுроо்рокோродு роЪொро▓்ро▓ுроЯா роХрог்рогு, рокாро░ுроЯா роХрог்рогு роОрой்ро▒ு роХுро┤рои்родைропை роЕро┤ைроХ்роХுроо் ро╡ிродрод்родை роиிро▒ைроп рокேро░் рокாродிрод்родிро░ுроХ்роХிро▒родு. роОрок்рокроЯி роЯீроЪ்роЪро░் роЗрок்рокроЯி роироЯрод்родுроХிро▒ீро░்роХро│் роОрой்ро▒ு роХேроЯ்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│். рокொродுро╡ாроХ роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ிроЯроо் роЕрой்рокாроХрок் рокро┤роХுроо்рокோродு родாрой் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроЯைроп роХுрогாродிропроЪроЩ்роХро│ுроо் рооாро▒ுроо். ро╡ெро▒ுроо் рокроЯிрок்рокு роороЯ்роЯுрооро▓்ро▓, роЕро╡ை рокрог்рокைропுроо் ро╡ро│ро░்роХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо். рокாроЯроо் роЪொро▓்ро▓ிроХ்роХொроЯுроХ்роХுроо் рооுро▒ைропிро▓ேропே рокрог்рокைропுроо் роЪொро▓்ро▓ிроХ்роХொроЯுроХ்роХ рооுроЯிропுроо். роОрой்ройроЯா роХрог்рогு, роОрой்ройроЯா рокாрок்рокு роОрой்ро▒ு рокேроЪுроо்рокோродு родாрой் роОрой் рооீродு роЖроЪிро░ிропро░்роХро│் рооீродு рокிроЯிрок்рокு роПро▒்рокроЯ்роЯு. роОрои்род ро╡ро│рооுроо் роЗро▓்ро▓ாроо роЕродே роиேро░роо் рокроЯிроХ்роХро╡ுроо் роЪிро░роорок்рокроЯுро▒ роХுро┤рои்родைроЩ்роХро│ுроХ்роХுрод் родாрой் роиாрой் родேро╡ை.

ро╡ீроЯிропோ роЯெроХ்ройாро▓роЬி роОрок்рокроЯி роХைропாро│ுроХிро▒ீро░்роХро│்?

“ро╡роХுрок்рокிро▓் роХроЯைроЪி рокрод்родு роиிрооிроЯроо் ро╡ீроЯிропோро╡ுроХ்роХாроХ роЪெро▓ро╡ро┤ிроХ்роХிро▒ோроо். роЗродро▒்роХாроХ роЪிроо் рокோроЯாрод рокோройைрод் родாрой் роЙрокропோроХிроХ்роХிро▒ேрой். ро╡ீроЯ்роЯிро▒்роХு ро╡рои்родро╡ுроЯрой் роЕрок்рокроЯிропே ропூроЯிрок் рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் ро╡ாроЯ்ро╕்роЕрок்рокிро▓் роЕрок்ро▓ோроЯு роЪெроп்родு ро╡ிроЯுро╡ேрой். роЗродро▒்роХு роОрой் роороХройுроо், роороХро│ுроо் роЙродро╡ி роЪெроп்ро╡ாро░்роХро│்."

роЕро░роЪு рокро│்ро│ிропிро▓் роЗро░ுрои்родுроХொрог்роЯு роЗродройை роОро│ிродாроХ роЪெроп்роп рооுроЯிроХிро▒родா?

“родройிропாро░் рокро│்ро│ிроХро│ை рооிроЮ்роЪுроо் роЕро│ро╡ுроХ்роХு роиிро▒ைроп ро╡роЪродிроХро│் роЕро░роЪுрок் рокро│்ро│ிроХро│ிро▓் роЗро░ுроХ்роХிро▒родு. роиாроо் роОрои்родро│ро╡ுроХ்роХு рокропрой்рокроЯுрод்родுроХிро▒ோроо் роОрой்рокродை рокொро▒ுрод்родு родாрой் роЗро░ுроХ்роХிро▒родு. роЯெроХ்ройாро▓роЬி рооூро▓рооாроХ роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ுроХ்роХு роОрок்рокроЯி роХро▓்ро╡ி роХро▒்ро▒ுроХ்роХொроЯுрок்рокродு роОрой роТро╡்ро╡ொро░ு рооாро╡роЯ்роЯ роЕро│ро╡ிро▓ுроо் рокропிро▒்роЪி ро╡ро┤роЩ்роХி ро╡ро░ுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│். роиро▓்ро▓ роЕроЩ்роХீроХாро░рооுроо் роЗро░ுроХ்роХிро▒родு. роОроЩ்роХро│் рокро│்ро│ிроХ்роХு роЗропроХ்роХுроиро░ே роиேро░роЯிропாроХ ро╡рои்родு рокாро░ாроЯ்роЯி роЗро░ுроХ்роХிро▒ாро░்.

роЙроЩ்роХро│ுроЯைроп роХுроЯுроо்рокрод்родை рокро▒்ро▒ி роЪொро▓்ро▓ுроЩ்роХро│்?

“роОрой் роЕрок்рокாродாрой் роОроЩ்роХро│ுроХ்роХு роОро▓்ро▓ாрооுрооாроХ роЗро░ுрои்родாро░். роЕроо்рооா рооройроиிро▓ை рокாродிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ рооிроХுрои்род роЪிро░роород்родுроХ்роХு роЗроЯைропிро▓் роЕрок்рокாро╡ிрой் роЙродро╡ிропோроЯு рокроЯிрод்родு рооுрой்ройேро▒ிройேрой். роОройроХ்роХு роПро▒்рокроЯ்роЯ роЪிро░роороо், рооро▒்ро▒ро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХு роПро▒்рокроЯроХ்роХூроЯாродு роОрой்рокродை роЙрогро░்рои்родிро░ுроХ்роХிро▒ேрой். рооாро░роЯைрок்рокு роОрой்роХிро▒ роХொроЯிроп роиோропாро▓் роОрой் роХрогро╡ро░ுроо் рокிро░ிрои்родுро╡ிроЯ роОрой் роороХрой், роороХро│் родுрогைропாро▓் роиாрой் роЗрой்ро▒ு роироЯрооாроЯிроХ் роХொрог்роЯிро░ுроХ்роХிро▒ேрой். роороХрой் рокொро▒ிропிропро▓் рокроЯிрок்рокை рооுроЯிрод்родுро╡ிроЯ்роЯு родройிропாро░் роиிро▒ுро╡ройрод்родிро▓் ро╡ேро▓ைроХ்роХுроЪ் роЪேро░்рои்родிро░ுроХ்роХிро▒ாрой். роОрой் роороХро│ுроХ்роХு роЪெрой்ройைропிро▓் рокроЯிроХ்роХ ро╡ாроп்рок்рокு роХிроЯைрод்родு, роОройроХ்роХாроХ роЗроЩ்роХேропே роХро▓்ро▓ூро░ிропிро▓் рокроЯிроХ்роХிро▒ாро│். роЗрок்рокроЯிрок்рокроЯ்роЯ родроЩ்роХрооாрой рокிро│்ро│ைроХро│் роЗро░ுрок்рокродாро▓ேропே роОрой் рокро│்ро│ி ро╡ாро┤்роХ்роХை роиிро▒ைро╡ாроХ рокோроп்роХ்роХொрог்роЯிро░ுроХ்роХிро▒родு" роОрой்ро▒рокроЯி ро╡роХுрок்рокро▒ைроХ்роХுроЪ் роЪெро▓்роХிро▒ாро░் ро░ூрокி роЯீроЪ்роЪро░்.

January 4, 2017

IMPACT OF LIBERALISATION

IMPACT OF LIBERALISATION
          According to the Article 25 of the Companies Registration Act, educational institutes in India can be set up only by trusts, societies and charitable companies but the profits cannot be taken out of the institution and have to be reinvested. However, the government does not define and clarify rules for foreign universities to set up campuses in India. Interested parties have been hesitant about moving forward until they are clear about the degree of regulation, funding, and other issues. Since its succession to power, the present government has adopted readjustment and liberalisation policies in an attempt to improve the deteriorating economy, but those policies have had negative and positive impacts on the economy and the people. Social services were hardest hit by these liberalisation polices. This would allow foreign universities to set up their campuses in India.
Positive Impact:
· In the Indian economy, major part is contributed by the service industry but now the education sector will become a large economic source.
 · After liberalisation constant fund will also facilitate a research-based career and give an option for the bright future of Indian teachers and students.
· It will expand the supply and the competition among educational institutions will ensure that they do not charge excessive premium for education.
 · Liberalisation offers students an option of studying near home. It also curbs brain drain which is also a nation's loss. The Graduates with specific skills allow corporate to ensure the development of better industry.
· With the liberalization policy, there is a tremendous change in educated population that implies rapid developments in technology and communications. · Education is a continuous because it is not end with graduation so the system also keeps on changing as the nation grows and adding recent advancement.
 · Foreign higher educational institutes would create competition with the local institutes making them internationally competitive. Also FDI in education would create new institutes and infrastructure and generate employment.
·     One country includes expertise in some subject and other country may have in some other subject so if they exchange their knowledge it benefits both the countries.

The impact of globalization and liberalization on higher education is deal with technical/legal issues of the agreement, education policy issues such as access, accreditation, quality, funding, and intellectual issues for society such as the role and purpose of higher education. Both the quality and quantity has to be improved in our education system and certainly with a faster pace. Education is certainly an “Opportunity” for the “YOUNG” India if delivered responsibly and equally to all the stratum of society. A new revived education system should be introduced which focuses on equitable, inclusive and sustainable growth along with provision of professional knowledge and skills.
 · Since a large number of students go abroad for their higher education, it is sensible to allow foreign universities to set up their campuses here, in India. This would help in arresting the outflow of monetary and human capital.
 · It is suggested that educational institutes and organisations as well as regional and national education groups give more priority to the policy issues emanating from trade liberalisation and examining how to get fully benefit from new opportunities that are available.
· Globalisation had effect on educational technology to change the way of education deliver as well as roles played by both teachers and students. The progress of this technology is to shift industrial based society to an information-based one.
· We need to implement the reforms in the education system and also bring forth new factors of production, namely knowledge, skills and technology which have the ability to unleash the productive frontiers of the economy in the most efficient and dynamic way.
 · There is an urgent need to address the deficiencies facing by our higher education sector. one sided response to it won‟t solve the problem. The best option is the middle path. Government should allow foreign universities to invest in education sector but under strict regulation. It should shortlist the preferred universities for investment and then invites them to set campus in India.

· Government needs to act with strictness and carefulness in development of higher education. Low grade universities should not be allowed to open their campus in the country.